What were the administrative features of Akbar's Mansabdari System?

Introduced by Mughal Emperor Akbar around 1571, the Mansabdari System served as the institutional backbone of Mughal military and civil administration.

Dual Ranking System (Zat and Sawar):

1. Zat (Personal Rank): Fixed the status, precedence, and personal pay of the mansabdar.
2. Sawar (Cavalry Rank): Determined the exact number of mounted troops (horses and cavalrymen) the mansabdar had to maintain for imperial service.

Remuneration:

• Mansabdars were paid either in cash (Naqd) or through revenue assignments (Jagirs). Jagirdars only held revenue collection rights; they had no proprietary ownership of the assigned land.